- and they are 1 1/4 inches long as measured from the underside of the star washer to the other end of the bolt.
The standard convention for measuring screws and bolts with an attached washer (split, flat, domed, external tooth, underside toothed disc or underside smooth disc) is from the underside of the head. Also, except as noted in some Ford documentation, the lead point (aka dog tip) is included in the length.
The part number (the best way to identify any item) you need is 377919-S2, a 3/8-16X1 5/16 hex, ext lkw, lead point. A vendor head marking of "23" is unusual for this. AMK lists only "SEMS" marked heads. In my pile of hardware, the head markings I have for 377919-S2 are the "SEMS", Anchor and "26", and a few external tooth hex head with a large Phillips drive.
After I read it all I looked at my "project" '65 and noticed for the first time that 7 of the shock tower attaching bolts you referenced are marked "26," but one of them is marked "23" like my hinge bolts. The only difference is the lone 23 under the hood is 1" long, ...
These are 377917-S2, 3/8-16X1.0 hex, ext lkw, lead point. Both type of head markings, "23" and "26", are common. In this case, leave well enough alone, make the odd one a conversation piece.
Jim